Landscape irrigation scheduling efficiency and adequacy by various control technologies

Automated residential irrigation systems tend to result in higher water use than non-automated systems. Increasing the scheduling efficiency of an automated irrigation system provides the opportunity to conserve water resources while maintaining good landscape quality. Control technologies available for reducing over-irrigation include evapotranspiration (ET) based controllers, soil moisture sensor (SMS) controllers, and rain sensors (RS). The purpose of this research was to evaluate the capability of these control technologies to schedule irrigation compared to a soil water balance model based on the Irrigation Association (IA) Smart Water Application Technologies (SWAT) testing protocol. Irrigation adequacy and scheduling efficiency were calculated in 30-day running totals to determine the amount of over- or under-irrigation for each control technology based on the IA SWAT testing protocol. A time-based treatment with irrigation 2 days/week and no rain sensor (NRS) was established as a comparison. In general, the irrigation adequacy ratings (measure of under-irrigation) for the treatments were higher during the fall months of testing than the spring months due to lower ET resulting in lower irrigation demand. Scheduling efficiency values (measure of over-irrigation) decreased for all treatments when rainfall increased. During the rainy period of this testing, total rainfall was almost double reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) while in the remaining three testing periods the opposite was true. The 30-day irrigation adequacy values, considering all treatments, varied during the testing periods by 0-68 percentile points. Looking at only one 30-day testing period, as is done in the IA SWAT testing protocol, will not fully capture the performance of an irrigation controller. Scheduling efficiency alone was not a good indicator of controller performance. The amount of water applied and the timing of application were both important to maintaining acceptable turfgrass quality and receiving good irrigation adequacy and scheduling efficiency scores.     

Response of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to mulching practices under planted greenhouse condition

Mulch is considered a desirable management technology for conserving soil moisture, improving soil temperature and soil quality. This study aimed to investigate soil conditions and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity, fruit yield and quality, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under such practices in greenhouse condition. A field experiment across 3 years was carried out with four types of mulch (without mulch [CK], wheat straw mulch [SM], plastic film mulch [FM], and combined mulch with plastic film and wheat straw [CM]). Mulch could improve soil physical properties regardless of mulch materials. FM and CM treatments improved soil moistures status and soil temperature in comparison to CK control, while SM increased soil water content and decreased soil temperature. Mulch increased leaf net photosynthesis rate (P_N), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E), but declined instant water use efficiency (WUEi). No significant effect of mulch application on chlorophyll fluorescence was existent for the entire growth season. Fruit yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) showed some increment under all the mulch conditions. Compared to CK, the yield was enhanced by 82.3%, 65.0%, and 111.5% in 2008; 38.1%, 17.4%, and 46.5% in 2009; and 14.3%, 6.5%, and 19.6% in 2010 under SM, FM, and CM conditions, respectively. Although FM produced better fruit quality than other treatments, CM is the recommended practice for hot pepper cultivation in greenhouse condition due to working well to facilitate soil condition (moisture and temperature), plant growth, and marketable yield.     

土壤水分速测仪的设计

介绍了一种根据土壤介电常数和传输线理论来测量土壤含水量的新型土壤水分测试仪,主要由土壤水分传感器和STC89C58为核心的单片机系统组成.实验研究表明:土壤种类、容重对传感器输出影响较小,可满足对大多数土壤的测量要求;土壤含盐量对传感器输出影响较大,如需测世含盐量较高的土壤,应对传感器进行特别标定.     

紫色土地区秸秆覆盖耕层土壤养分动态分析

通过田间试验,研究了不同秸秆(水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆)不同量覆盖条件下早地油菜株高、花序数和分枝数的差异,以及0～10cm和10～20cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、速效钾和pH的动态变化过程,并进行了产量分析.结果表明:秸秆覆盖处理下油菜株高高于对照,有速腐剂处理的株高最高;秸秆覆盖处理花序数多于对照;速腐剂处理下一级分枝数高于不加速腐剂处理;覆盖处理的有机质和碱解氮含量均略高于对照;加速腐剂覆盖处理的产量最高.     

森林土壤湿度采集器的电源管理研究

分析了森林土壤湿度采集器电源管理方法和工作状态转换概率,通过比较,空闲时间长度服从负指数分布或Pareto分布等几种情况下的电能消耗。同时,提出了根据实际监测值来确定采集器工作模式和招测时间、动态调整时间阀值的采集器电源管理策略,通过实验验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

距离倒数和克里克方法在土壤养分制图中的比较研究

空间插值方法以及模型参数的选择是制约插值精度的重要因素。为此,使用普通克里克、普通对数克里克和距离倒数加权方法对三峡库区王家沟小流域内的土壤养分(有机质、全氮、全磷)进行插值,研究了权重指数、邻域样本数目和变异函数模型对插值结果的影响,并用交叉验证的方法对这几种插值方法进行了比较。结果显示,距离倒数加权对于土壤有机质和全氮制图具有最高的精度,对数克里克对于全磷的模拟则是最优的。     

土壤养分遥感监测研究进展

用遥感技术监测土壤养分是精准施肥中的一个重要手段。为此,综合分析了土壤养分遥感监测在光谱特征指标的选择、反演方法、反演模型及其适用性等方面的研究进展。研究指出,随着空间信息技术的发展,遥感技术在土壤养分预测中将展现出更广阔的应用前景。土壤养分遥感反演模型对环境、土壤类型、土壤剖面等方面的适用性、光谱特征指标的选择、动态监测模型的建立、多源数据和多种技术手段的集成将是土壤养分监测今后的发展研究方向。     

农田土壤机械压实的发生、影响及改良

近几十年,随着农田机械的发展,农田土壤机械压实已成为农业机械化发展所不可回避的问题。农田土壤机械压实对土壤物理、化学、生物以及作物生长发育均有明显的负效应。为此,系统分析了近年来国内外在土壤压实起因、压实危害以及减轻压实的技术措施等方面取得的研究成果。同时,介绍了减轻土壤压实作用的技术策略。分析结果有助于进一步了解农田机械进行田间作业时对土壤压实的影响,以便在生产中寻找实用有效的技术,破除土壤压实。     

油菜水分胁迫的冠层表面温度特征及诊断研究

对油菜的冠层温度特征进行了研究,并在此基础上建立了油菜的冠气温差模型和CWSI模型。利用建立的CWSI模型对植株含水率进行预测,结果表明:油菜含水率预测值与实测值的平均相对误差小于9.2%;CWSI模型能够实现对油菜含水率的定性和定量分析。     

电容式粮食含水率测量仪的设计

为了克服温度和容积密度对电容式粮食含水率测量仪精度的影响,设计了能够同时检测粮食电容、温度和容积密度的硬件电路和程序。电容传感器为同轴圆筒型,以数字式温度传感器DS18B20检测温度,由应变片组成的桥式电路检测质量,进而计算容积密度。根据得到的电容、温度和容积密度值,基于数据融合技术可得到被测样品的含水率。